India is the most cost-effective country for generating rooftop solar energy at USD 66 per megawatt-hour, while the cost in China is marginally higher at USD 68 per megawatt-hour, a global study has found.
Rooftop solar photovoltaics (RTSPV) technology, such as roof-mounted solar panels used in homes, and commercial and industrial buildings, is currently the fastest deployable energy generation technology due to the lower cost. This is projected to fulfil up to 49 percent of the global electricity demand by 2050.
Between 2006 and 2018, the installed capacity of the RTSPV has grown from 2.5 gigawatts (GW) to 213 GW globally.
With an additional capacity installation of 41 GW, RTSPV currently accounts for 40 percent of the global cumulative installed capacity of the solar energy and nearly one-fourth of the total renewable capacity additions since 2018, which is more than the combined new installed capacities of both coal and nuclear.
RTSPV technology has shown a steep decline in deployment cost, which ranged between USD 63 and USD 265 megawatt-hour in 2019. It is a reduction of 42-79 percent over 2010 value.
Rooftop solar photovoltaics account for 40 percent of the global solar photovoltaics installed capacity and one-fourth of the total renewable capacity additions.
India has a significant solar rooftop potential of 1.7 petawatt-hour per year. This is against the country’s current electricity demand of 1.3 petawatt-hour per annum, PTI reported.
The study mapped 130 million square km of the global land surface area to identify 0.2 million sq km of rooftop area using a machine learning algorithm to understand the electricity generation potential of RTSPV globally and its associated costs.
This rooftop area was then analysed to document the global electricity generation potential of RTSPV and together represent 27 petawatt-hour per year of electricity generation potential for cost between USD 40 and USD 280 per megawatt-hour and of this, USD 10 per megawatt-hour can be realised below USD 100.
The cost of attaining the potential is the lowest in India (at USD 66 per megawatt-hour) and China at USD 68, while the same is at USD 238 per megawatt-hour in the US, and USD 251 per megawatt-hour in England.
The study has been co-authored by Priyadarshi Shukla, a professor at Ahmedabad University and director of its global centre for environment and energy; Shivika Mittal from the Imperial College, London; and James Glynn from Columbia University. The team was led by Siddharth Joshi, researcher at MaREI, the SFI Research Centre for Energy, Climate and Marine in University College Cork.
The global potential of RTSPV is 27 petawatt-hour per year and the global average megawatt-hour cost for this varies in the range of USD 40-280 per megawatt-hour with the greatest energy generation potential in Asia.
The global potential is predominantly spread between Asia (47 percent), North America (20 percent) and Europe (13 percent).
The second cheapest market for this method is China where it is pegged at USD 68 per megawatt-hour — USD 2 higher than the potential Indian rate, while England and the US are among the costliest.
Maharashtra, with 181 terawatt-hour per year and Uttar Pradesh with 168.07 terawatt-hour per year have the highest solar rooftop potential in the country now.
The average cost of obtaining solar rooftop potential in India will be between USD 60 and USD 65 per megawatt-hour, with Gujarat and Rajasthan offering the lowest rates, according to the study.
The findings have an important implication for sustainable development and climate change mitigation efforts. The International Solar Alliance, a joint initiative launched by India and France, is planning to mobilise USD 1 trillion in investments by 2030 to increase penetration of solar energy.